
This field study to Turkey, from I5 to 26 October 2004, was a follow up to the one in 2001, and continued
the work of mapping the variation and distribution of C. Intaminatum in the Bursa, Bilecik,
Eskişehir and Kütahya provinces of western Turkey.
The basic aims of the study were:
- To collect plants and leaves for use in DNA studies.
- To record variation in the species.
- Collect herbarium specimens.
- Collect plants of horticultural interest.
Cyclamen intaminatum is a distinct species
not presenting any taxonomic challenges.
But the plants collected in 2001 had not
survived, so the collection of new plants
was of prime importance.
39 plants were collected from
11 of 14 sites surveyed.
A report of the 2004 field study was published in the
Cyclamen Society Journal Vol. 29 No. 1, June 2005.
Abridged field notes referenced by site number follow this table.
Giving brief locational information and habitat data which may aid cultivation.
CSE Plants Western Turkey, 2004.
Plant images may be viewed by clicking on the purple CSE plant number.
CSE Plant No. | Site No. | Species | Description |
---|---|---|---|
04001T | 04/02T | C. intaminatum | Good pink flower with fimbriated petals. |
04002T | 04/02T | C. intaminatum | Good robust white flower. |
04051T | 04/03T | C. intaminatum | Good plain green leaf. |
04052T | 04/03T | C. intaminatum | Collected with 04051T. Almost plain green leaf. |
04053T | 04/03T | C. intaminatum | Plant with good pink flowers. |
04054T | 04/05T | C. intaminatum | Most western site. |
04055T | 04/06T | C. intaminatum | Elegant flower. |
04056T | 04/06T | C. intaminatum | Robust pink flower. |
04057T | 04/06T | C. intaminatum | Robust nearly-white flower. |
04058T | 04/06T | C. intaminatum | Robust pink flower with fimbriated petals. |
04059T | 04/06T | C. intaminatum | Bi-colour flower. |
04060T | 04/06T | C. intaminatum | Bi-colour flower. |
04061T | 04/06T | C. intaminatum | Deep pink flower. |
04062T | 04/06T | C. intaminatum | Good robust white flower. |
04081T | 04/07T | C. intaminatum | Good leaf pattern. |
04082T | 04/07T | C. intaminatum | Good leaf pattern. |
04083T | 04/07T | C. intaminatum | Good leaf pattern. |
04084T | 04/07T | C. intaminatum | Good deep pink flower. |
04085T | 04/07T | C. intaminatum | Good leaf pattern. |
04086T | 04/07T | C. intaminatum | Good leaf pattern. |
04087T | 04/07T | C. intaminatum | Good leaf pattern. |
04088T | 04/08T | C. intaminatum | White flower. |
04089T | 04/08T | C. intaminatum | Very floriferous plant with pale pink flowers. |
04090T | 04/08T | C. intaminatum | Good size flowers, vigorous plant. |
04091T | 04/08T | C. intaminatum | Good leaf patter with good contrast. |
04092T | 04/08T | C. intaminatum | Collected with 04091T, very floriferous plant. |
04093T | 04/08T | C. intaminatum | Good deep pink flower. |
04119T | 04/10T | C. intaminatum | Extreme north-east site. |
04120T | 04/11T | C. intaminatum | Attractive leaf pattern. |
04121T | 04/11T | C. intaminatum | Attractive leaf pattern. |
04122T | 04/11T | C. intaminatum | Attractive leaf pattern. |
04123T | 04/12T | C. intaminatum | Pink tinged marbling on leaves. |
04124T | 04/12T | C. intaminatum | Attractive leaf pattern. |
04125T | 04/12T | C. intaminatum | Good deep pink large flower. |
04151T | 04/13T | C. intaminatum | White flower. Lowest altitude and southernmost point south of Ulu Dag. |
04152T | 04/13T | C. intaminatum | Collected with 04151T. Lowest altitude and southernmost point south of Ulu Dag. |
04153T | 04/13T | C. intaminatum | Almost white flower. Lowest altitude and southernmost point south of Ulu Dag. |
04154T | 04/13T | C. intaminatum | Collected with 04153T. Lowest altitude and southernmost point south of Ulu Dag. |
04155T | 04/14T | C. intaminatum | Elegant, though not large, white flowers. |
CSE Sites in Western Turkey, 2004.
Site images may be viewed by clicking on the purple site number.
04/01T
17/10/04. Eskişehir province. Between Inonu and Kütahya, north of junction with road 200.
Altitude: 1020m., Shade: 50-100%, Aspect: East-southeast, Slope: 30°, Soil: Humic loam. pH: 6.5.
Species: Cyclamen intaminatum.
Habitat: Quercus cerris scrub with narrow open glades, outcrops of igneous rock-basalt & lava. Lichen flora indicating acid rock. Growing Conditions: Dry stoney soil with extensive leaf litter below trees. Maximum soil depth 4-6´.
Associated Plants: Below trees, only seedling Quercus, grasses and Clematis vitalba. In open patches: Eryngium sp., Festuca sp., Verbascum sp., Viola sp., Achillea millefolium. Occasional Crataegus sp., and Prunus spinosa.
04/02T
17/10/04. Bilecik province. South of Bozüyük on road 11-28.
Altitude: 930m., Shade: 0-100%, Aspect: Northwest, Slope: 30°, Soil: Calcareous loam, pH: 7.2 in woodland, 7.7 around outcrops.
Species: Cyclamen intaminatum.
Habitat: Quercus scrub with open spaces. Outcrops and loose blocks of carboniferous limestone in open spaces. Growing Conditions: Cyclamen found sparsely in woodland/scrub, also around base of limestone blocks especially where shrubs or aspect provide shaded, and more rarely in shaded rubble.
Associated Plants: Around outcrops – mostly grasses with Sedum sp., Allium sp., Eryngium sp., Cladonia foliacea, Clinopodium vulgare. In scrub – Quercus seedlings, Carex sp., grasses, Eryngium sp., Taraxacum officinale agg., Astragalus sp. Shrubs – Cornus sp., Ligustrum vulgare, Prunus spinosa.
04/03T
18/10/04. Kütahya province. In mountains east of Domanç; near forestry watchtower.
Altitude: 1796m., Shade: overall 50% but varying from 0-100%, Aspect: North, Slope: overall 40° but varying from flat to 50°, Soil: Humus-rich clay, pH: open areas – 7.3, woodland – 7.0.
Species: Cyclamen intaminatum.
Habitat: Open coniferous woodland (Pinus & Abies). Slope strewn with limestone (pebbles to small boulders). Basically grass (largely Festuca) covered. Little bare soil in open areas, extensive earth movements – probably by pigs – under some trees especially where plant cover.
Associated Plants: Crocus speciosus, Daphne cf. laureola, Verbascum cf. thapsus, Sedum sp., Aubretia cf. deltoides, Galium vernum, Artemisia sp., grasses.
04/04T
19/10/04. Bursa province. Ulu Dag near Alaçam.
Altitude: 1104m., Shade: 0%, Aspect: North, Slope: Flat, Soil: Clay, pH: 8.0.
Species: Cyclamen intaminatum.
Habitat: Top of mound amongst limestone rubble, surrounded by Pinus scrub/woodland. Growing Conditions: Dense sward of grasses and Sedum with loose limestone rocks.
Associated plants: Crocus pulchellus, Poterium sanguisorba, Clematis vitalba, Juniperus communis, Alyssum sp., Teucrium sp., Rubus fruticossus aff., Clinopodium vulgare.
04/05T
19/10/04. Bursa province. Ulu Dag near Alaçam.
Altitude: 1089. Shade: 50%, Aspect: West, Slope: 30°, Soil: Sandy clay, pH: 6.7.
Species: Cyclamen intaminatum, C. coum.
Habitat: On reasonably bare ground (with needle and leaf litter) below Abies. C. intaminatum only on bare ground, C. coum extended into scrub of Fagus seedlings and gaps between Pteridium aquilinum which was spreading. Growing conditions: Well drained soil with occasional limestone boulders and outcrops.
Associated plants: No associated plants with C. intaminatum, but with C.coum – grasses, Rubus sp., Pteridium aquilinum, Euphorbia sp., Daphne sp., Crocus pulchellus, Potererium sanguisorba, Potentilla sp.
04/06T
20/10/04. Bursa province. Above and south of Inayet, near Kizilopak.
Altitude: 1133m., Shade: 60-100%, Aspect: Southeast, Slope: 70°, Soil: Pure humus over clay, pH: 7.6.
Species: Cyclamen intaminatum, C. coum.
Habitat: Fagus woodland, young trees up to 12m with a few older specimens. Occasional Carpinus, Abies, and large specimens of Corylus maxima & Sambucus nigra. Thick leaf litter with both Cyclamen species growing through. Growing Conditions: Steep, well drained slope. Many plants on or beside outcropping boulders, or in soil/rock accumulation at roadside.
Associated Plants: Euphorbia amydeloides, Rubus cf. sanctus, Geranium robertianum, Dryopteris cf. felixmas.
04/07T
21/10/04. Bursa province. Oylat, south side of gorge.
Altitude: 704m., Shade: 10%, Aspect: Northeast, Slope: 80°, Soil: Clay, pH: 7.8.
Species: Cyclamen intaminatum, C. coum.
Habitat: Low scrub over limestone outcrops. Plants extended very slightly into dense shade under mixed deciduous cover. Cyclamen intaminatum ceased at the change from limestone to siliceous rocks. C. coum scattered over both bedrocks. Growing Conditions: Well drained humic clay amongst mixed scrub and herbs.
Associated Plants: Crocus pulchellus, Potentilla sterilis, Hedera helix, Rosa sp., Ruscus aculeatus, Trifolium sp., Ligustrum vulgare, Clematis vitalba, Crataegus sp., Thelycrania sanguinea, Hypericum cf. perfoliatum, Asplenium trichomanes, A. polypodium, Allium sp., Muscari sp., Sedum sp., Trifolium dubium, Geranium sp., G. robertianum, Osyris alba, Galium sp., Pistacea lentiscus.
04/08T
21/10/04. Bursa province. Above and south of Çayyaka at the top of Uludağ.
Altitude: 1270m., Shade: 40%, Aspect: Northeast, Slope: 20°, Soil: Sand and humus, pH: 5.3.
Species: Cyclamen intaminatum, C. coum.
Habitat: Bracken covered slopes below Pinus. Outcrops of granite covered with lichens. Growing Conditions: Open woodland, dappled shade, thick needle/bracken leaf layer. Thin moist humus over sand/ humus layer above sand at 10+mm. Cyclamen coum very scarce indeed. C. intaminatum widespread and abundant except where bracken and grasses were dense.
Associated Plants: Clinopodium vulgare, Verbascum sp., grasses, Pteridium aquilinum, Geranium robertianum, Crocus pulchellus, Rumex sp., Fagus orientalis (saplings to 8m), Potentilla sp., Viola sp., Euphorbia amydaloides, Rubus sanctus.
04/09T
21/10/04. Bursa province. Above and south of Çayyaka at the top of Uludağ.
Altitude: 1270m., Shade: 50%, Aspect: North-northeast, Slope: None, Soil: Humic over sand, pH: 6.3.
Species: Cyclamen intaminatum.
Habitat: Bracken and Pinus seedlings below Pinus. Growing conditions: Well drained humic soil over sand, with granite boulders. C. intaminatum very sparse with virtually no seedlings. Habitat & growing conditions essentially as site 04/08T.
Associated Plants: As site 04/08T, (especially Crocus pulchellus) plus Salvia forskahlei
04/10T
22/10/04. Bilecik province. Near Söğüt.
Altitude: 738m., Shade: 10%, Aspect: North-northwest, Slope: 70°, Soil: Grittyy humic clay, pH: roadside – 7.8, Cliff – 8.3.
Species: Cyclamen intaminatum.
Habitat: Steep limestone escarpment with soil between blocks. Growing Conditions: Shallow soil, well drained, sparsely vegetated. Small number of plants within 2m of road metal, 28m below this site, under Cornus mas and Rubus.
Associated Plants: Osyris alba, Teucrium sp., Clinopodium vulgare, Sideritis sp., Aubretia deltoides, Allium sp., Muscari sp., Ephedra sp., Asplenium ceterach, grasses, Juniperus communis, Galium sp., Cornus mas, Pinus sp., Sedum album, Cistus sp., Phillarea sp., Helianthemum sp., Silene sp., Poterium sanguisorbia.
04/11T
22/10/04. Bilecik province. Between Söğüt and Bozüyük.
Altitude: 971m., Shade: 70%, Aspect: North-northeast, Slope: 40°, Soil: Clay, pH: 7.8.
Species: Cyclamen intaminatum.
Habitat: Mid to dense scrub, Quercus sp., ?cerris. Leaf litter light. Growing Conditions: Well drained light clay over limestone.
Associated Plants: Dense sward of grass, Eryngium sp., Juniperus communis, Prunus spinosa, Crataegus sp.
04/12T
23/10/04. Bursa province. On road between Inegol and Pazargeri, between Kurşunlu & Nafizpaşa.
Altitude: 940m., Shade: 50%, Aspect: Northeast, Slope: 10° at top of 45° slope, pH: 6.9.
Species: Cyclamen intaminatum.
Habitat: Edge of coppiced Quercus cerris scrub. Most cyclamen at 10° slope top, a few plants extending down to steeper slopes in gaps between coppice. Growing Conditions: Well drained slope over acid rocks (very occasional outcrops). Reasonably well grazed.
Associated Plants: Quercus cerris, Cornus mas, Thelycrania sanguisorba, Helleborus orientalis, Eryngium sp., Daphne sp. Rubus sp., R. sanctus, Hederahelix, Fagus orientalis, Sorbus sp., Carpinus betulus, Rosa cf. canina, Smilex sp., Galium sp.
04/13T
24/10/04. Bursa province. South of Inegol. On road from Bogazova to Sorgum.
Altitude: 1175m., Shade: 60%, Aspect: South-southeast, Slope: 10°, Soil: Fine Sand, pH: 5.7.
Species: Cyclamen intaminatum.
Habitat: Woodland of Pinus with an open canopy. Alnus along the stream which bordered the site on the east (the road was to the west). Growing Conditions: Moist soil (probably so even in summer) with abundant herb layer. Boulders of siliceous rocks.
Associated Plants: Pteridium aquilinum, Clinopodium vulgare, Digitalis ferruginea, grasses, Crocus pulchellus, Verbascum sp., Hypericum sp., Euphorbia amygdeloides, Galium sp.
04/14T
24/10/04. Bursa province. South of Inegol. North of Bogazova on road to Çayyaka.
Altitude: 1125m., Shade: 60%, Aspect: Southeast, Slope: 30°, Soil: Sand, pH: 5.1.
Species: Cyclamen intaminatum.
Habitat: Bracken covered slopes below Pinus. Outcrops of granite covered with lichens. Growing conditions: Well drained humic soil over sand, with granite boulders.
Associated Plants: Clinopodium vulgare, Verbascum sp., grasses, Pteridium aquilinum, Geranium robertianum, Crocus pulchellus, Rumex sp., Fagus orientalis (saplings to 8m), Potentilla sp., Viola sp., Euphorbia amydaloides, Rubus sanctus.
Acknowledgements. The Society would like to thank the Turkish authorities in the four vilayets visited for their permission to work in the field and also our Turkish colleagues Prof Dr Neriman Ozhatay and Serna Atay for their help in so many ways.