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All images are copyright © Cyclamen Society 1987,
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No reproduction without permission.
Between Adapazari and Pamukova. Altitude: 250ft. A wooded slope and gully with Pinus, Fagus, Juglans and Quercus. Complete shade in summer over most of the site. Aspect: East. Slope 1:1.5. Soil: A very stony brown earth with fine mineral particles. C. coum growing from road, through broad-leaved trees and into first 3-4 metres of Pinus.
Between Bolu and Abant. Corylus and Salix woodland/scrub composed largely of Pyracantha and Rubus. Aspect Southeast; slope 1:3; soil a waterlogged calcareous clay with leaf litter. Lichen flora. C. coum growing in crevices of tree roots etc., where drainage was improved. Abundant Primula sibthorpii otherwise sparse herbaceous flora due to leaf litter.
Between Eregli and Heraklea. Altitude: 200ft. Hedgebank below a ploughed
field with Quercus, Hedera, Thelycrania sanguinea, Rubus, Ligustrum vulgare,
Fagus orientalis, Clematis vitalba, and Ruscus. Aspect northeast,
slope varying from flat to 1:0.5 Soil a calcareous clay, well drained but
wet.
C. coum always in hedge bottom, often amongst Hedera and
dead leaves. Many large leaved plants with leaves up to 65mm x 65mm.
Between Eregli and Devrek. Open woodland, largely of Quercus with little in the shrub layer. Aspect southwest, slope 1:5. C. coum widely and evenly distributed, with 40% cover over the whole wood. Abundant Scilla bifolia, Helleborus orientalis, Primula sibthorpii and Euphorbia.
About 200m towards Devrek from site 87/04. Scrub, largely of Quercus, some coppiced. Aspect southwest, slope 1:4. C. coum abundant at base of scrub.
Between Corum and Merzifon. Altitude 3000ft. Hills covered with melting but deep snow with boulders and Quercus scrub. Aspect southeast and northwest. Slope 1:3. Soil a ferruginous clay. C. coum scattered in protected situations in leaf litter below scrub, in crevices between or at the base of boulders.
Between Havza and Samsun. Altitude: 2850ft. Open scrub of Quercus cerris and Fagus orientalis amidst short intensively grazed grass. Some glades where scrub cover provided a 90% canopy. Aspect: South-southeast. Slope: 1:7. Soil: A wet, slightly gritty clay with very few stones. Leaf litter and coarse humus to a depth of 2-3cm.
East of Samsun on the coast road. Altitude 10- 50ft. Mixed scrub, including Rubus, Smilax, Fagus, Corylus, Ruscus and a few patches of Ligustrum vulgare, with grassy patches. Aspect north, slope 1:1 (a steep cliff above the road hugging the beach), Soil - patches of wet clay (water oozing from cliff) over a calcareous conglomerate. C. coum in grassy areas amongst Digitalis, Lamium, Viola, Verbascum, Arum, Cardamine, Origanum, Bellis, Euphorbia, Erodium, Galium, Geranium, Trifolium, Veronica, Helleborus, Silybium marianum and Brunnera.
Road between Unye and Niksar. Altitude: 300ft. A narrow valley in a hazel orchard with a few pear and poplar standards and a number of large isolated boulders. Aspect: East. Slope: 1:3 with level areas. Soil: A well drained humic loam. Abundant C. coum especially but not exclusively within the hazel stools, occasionally amongst mosses etc., on boulders. Extensive shrub and herb layers.
Between Fatsa and Ordu. Altitude: 100ft A vertical bank below hazel orchard with epilithic and pendant herbs and bryophytes. Aspect: Northwest. Slope: Vertical or overhanging. Soil (where present): Coarse humus over acid rock. C. coum growing in mosses on the rock face.
Between Ordu and Ulubey. Altitude 1600ft. Fagus orientalis woodland with a dense understory. Aspect: Northeast. Slope: 1:1. Soil: Sticky, calcareous clay. C. coum scattered amongst a diverse shrub layer.
Between Ordu and Ulubey. Altitude 1000ft. Hazel grove with a few standard trees. Aspect: Southwest. Slope: 1:15. Soil: Fine, wet clay. Abundant C. coum within the circular coppiced hazel bushes.
A steep cultivated bank immediately below site 87/12 containing the remains of maize and beet crops with occasional hazel bushes. Slope: 1:1.
Sumela Gorge above the Meryemana Car Park. Altitude 3,600 - 4,100ft. Mixed woodland dominated by Fagus orientalis and Picea orientalis with a closed canopy. Aspect basically west, but variable. Slope 1:1, but variable, many plants located on vertical walls. Surface soil a deep layer of mixed leaf mould. C. parviflorum growing on east side of gorge in deep leaf litter and on the vertical faces of dry walls. Companion plants extremely varied.
Sumela Gorge. Altitude: 3600-4200ft. Mixed woodland with scattered specimens of Acer cappadocica, Tilia rubra, Mespilus germanica and Juglans regia. Aspect: East-southeast. Slope: 1:1. Soil: A stony clay with thick humus layer. C. parviflorum abundant to an altitude of around 3750ft, above which at some 4050ft it was replaced by C. coum.
Part of site 87/14A, at the lower end of the site, selected as a place where C. coum and C. parviflorum grew within 1 metre of each other, without any evidence of hybridisation
Between Maçka and Sumela. Altitude: 1400ft. Scrub, largely composed of Fagus orientalis, Corylus, Thelycrania, Ligustrum vulgare, Acer, Pyracantha, Quercus, Rubus, Smilax, Rosa and Ruscus. Aspect: West. Slope: 1:3. Soil: A gritty clay.
Between Maçka and Sumela. Altitude 1600ft. At the foot of a cliff in a scree facing east. Scattered C. coum amongst grasses and sedges with Geranium robertianum, Sedum, Verbascum, Viola, Campanula, Galium, Primula vulgaris, Polpodium vulgare,and sundry bryophytes.
Between Maçka and Sumela. Altitude 3000ft. Scrub, principally of Rhododendron luteum. Aspect west, slope varied. Abundant C. parviflorum with Oxalis acetosella, Galanthus rhizensis, Scilla ?sibirica and Anenome blanda. Cyclamen growing between crevices of moss covered boulders
Between Maçka and Sumela, on river bank.
Between Maçka and Sumela, on river bank.
Between Macka and Sumela. Altitude: Probably about 2700ft. Alluvial gravel on inside of river bend.
Between Maçka and Sumela, on river bank.
Between Çayeli and Pazar on the coast road. Altitude 0-100ft. Dense vegetation of vascular plants. Aspect North-northwest, slope 1:1 and steeper. Occasional tubers of C. coum, very probably washed downhill, established amongst grasses and Luzula below Rubus, Populus and Alnus.
Between Ardesen and Camlihemsin. Altitude: 250ft. A small valley to the west of the valley and road, bottomed by a stream flowing through poplar groves. Aspect: East, but open to full sun from the west. Slope: 1:50. Soil: Clay loam with large stones, possibly downwash now stabilised by poplar roots. C. coum on stream bank and higher on valley sides.
Between Arhavi and Ortacalar. Altitude: 200ft. Poplar and hazel woodland. Aspect: East. Slope: 1:1. Soil: Leafmould. A dense mass of C. coum with abundant seedlings. Some of the largest leaves were recorded at this site.
Near Damar. Altitude: 3200ft. Low, open Rhododendron ponticum scrub. Aspect: West to Northwest. Slope: Variable but 1:2 overall. Soil: Thin acid hums layer over varied rock. Scattered plants of C. coum in short grass and scree-like patches Many plants with especially dark flowers.
Between Pazar and Cayeli on coast road. Altitude: 10ft. Small moss-clad rock face dripping with water from fields above. Aspect: Northeast. Slope: Vertical. Soil: Only in a few crevices - C. coum growing in crevices, on mats of root, and epiphytically on mats of moss.
On the road from Rize to Guyneçe, Ikizdere and Ispir, beyond Ikizdere. Altitude 3200ft. Open valley with grantitic outcrops, bordered by woodland. Aspect and slope variable. Scattered clups of C. coum, usually in crevices between rocks at the base of outcrops amongst grasses, ferns, and lichens. Growing with: Primula sibthorpii, Potentilla sterilis, Lobaria pulmonaria, Peltigera horizontalis, Peltigera praetextata, Cladonia chlorophaea, Collema auriculatum, Lepraria incana, Polypodium vulgare and Asplenium trichomanes.
Above Ikizdere. Altitude 4300ft. Steep river gorge with level areas, sparsely wooded with Picea orientalis and some Corylus; with Alnus along the river. Cyclamen on level or gently sloping ground of variable aspect, open. Both C. coum and C. parviflorum present, growing intermixed along a boundary, but largely separate.
Some distance inland from Black Sea coast from Tirebolu. Hazel grove near a village. Aspect: East. Slope: Approximately 1:30. Soil: A dark leaf mould between boulders and stones.
Between Tirebolu and Dogankent. Altitude 70ft. Hazel grove with east and north aspect. Slope: 1:1. Soil: A stony clay.
Between Pinarlar and Sariyakup on the Giresun to Sebinkarahisar road. Altitude 3200ft. 'Alpine meadow' type area amidst scattered trees. Showed signs of recently melted snow, with all Cyclamen pressed firmly to the ground. Aspect North-east overall, slope 1:1. Soil a clayey loam over granitic rocks. C. coum scattered especially in glades in which Alnus had recently been felled. Seedlings occurred widely but sparsely. The whole area was heavily grazed.
Between Giresun and Sebinkarahisar. Altitude: 3350ft.
Between Ünye and Samsun. Altitude 20ft. Hazel grove with standard apples. Aspect North, slope 1:10. C. coum sparse both within the hazel stools and between. A grazed area with few other plants other than grasses, but both Helleborus orientalis and Primula sibthorpii were noted.
Between Ladik and Tasova. Altitude: 2250ft. Low scrub on alluvial deposits by river. Aspect: East, but negligible slope. Soil: A very stony clay incorporating bands of sand and gravel, covered by coarse humus and leaf litter.
Between Tasova and Amasya, near Akdag. C. coum present but scarce on stony clay amongst scrub on a south facing bank.
Between Tasova and Amasya. A few tubers of C. coum noted at the base of a steep limestone cliff amongst Ruscus, Arabis, Draba aizoides, Acantholimon and Euphorbia cf. rigida.
Between Tosya and Kastamonou. Altitude 3750ft. Dense scrub of Fagus orientalis. Aspect East, slope 1:3. C. coum abundant below scrub of and clearly regenerating satisfactorily. Plain leaved forms common higher on slopes. Other plants noted included Ligustrum vulgare, Daphne, Thelycrania sanguinea, Rubus, Pyracantha, Rhododendron ponticum, primula vulgaris, Plantago lanceolata, Hieracium, Glechoma hederacea, Scilla, Viola, Lepraria incana, Peltigera horizontalis and sundry bryophytes.
On the road from Kastamonou to Karabük and Safranbolu. Altitude 3700ft. Scrub dominated by Fagus orientalis. Gentle West facing slope on a wet gritty soil. C. coum almost entirely confined to areas below scrub composed of Fagus orientalis, Crataegus, Pyracantha, Quercus, Cornus mas, Daphne, Rosa, Ligustrum vulgare, Malus communis, Pinus and Juniperus probably due to grazing pressure which appeared to be intense. Abundant seedlings both within and outside scrub patches.
Between Gerede and Bolu, to the west of Yeniçaga. ltitude 3050ft. Hazel grove with occasional Quercus, Cornus mas and Picea higher on the slope. Aspect: Northwest, Slope: 1:1. C. coum in thick leaf litter with sparse vegetation including Scilla bifolia, Ornithogalum, Primula vulgaris, Peltigera canina, Urtica dioica and Helleborus orientalis. Both petal and leaf shapes very variable, pointed to orbicular leaves and pointed to rounded petals. Strong populations with excellent natural regeneration.
Near Abant Lake, to the northwest. Edge of mixed woodland with Fagus, Crataegus and Pinus, and within open Fagus orientalis woodland. Aspect Southeast; Slope 1:3. Soil a damp clay with abundant leaf litter. C. coum most often in drier parts but ocassionally found in damper situations.
North of Abant Lake on the road to Bolu. Altitude 3800ft. Dry woodland floor below Pinus and Abies. Aspect East, but deeply shaded. Slope 1:4. Soil a gritty clay with abundant humus in the first 2-3cm. C. coum widely distributed but seldom achieving more than 10% ground cover.
North of Abant Lake on the road to Bolu. Altitude 3300ft. Woodland dominated by Fagus orientalis. Aspect South-southeast, Slope 1:2, Soil a gritty clay. Mature plants and seedlings of C. coum widely scattered.
Near Isakoy, east of Sile. Altitude 200ft. Large area of level, stony scrub. One plant of C. coum noted.
Near Isakoy, east of Sile. Altitude 350ft. Recently cleared scrub of mixed Laurus nobilis, Fagus orientalis, Buxus, Daphne, Quercus, Juniperus and Arbutus. Flat site. Soil a ferruginous clay over hard limestone. C. coum occurring over a small area both in the soil and in rock crevices.
West of Sile on the Istanbul road, Altitude 150ft. A small wooded valley running east - west with a stream in the base. North facing slope of 1:1.5 Soil: leaf mould over fine clay. The population of C. coum starts in the bottom at about 60cm above the apparent winter flood level, dying out some 10m above the stream. Rich herbaceous and woody plant flora.
Kiraslibend, Belgrad Forest, Istanbul. Altitude 150ft. Dense woodland of tall, slim Fagus and Quercus along a small valley. Aspect Northeast; SLope: 1:1.5. SOil a stony clay under humus. A scattered, patchy population od C. coum amongst scrub and herbaceous vegetation.